Английский язык: история, политика, международные отношения
Данное учебное пособие содержит тексты по истории, политике, международным отношениям и упражнения к ним, которые предназначены для студентов гуманитарных вузов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата и специалитета, изучающих историю, политику и международные отношения. Данное учебное пособие может быть интересно не только студентам означенных специальностей, но и всем, кто изучает английский язык для указанных специальных целей.
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16 UNIT 5. Meaningful Commitment The liberal internationalist pattern of disjuncture between ends and means really begins in earnest with Woodrow Wilson. Wilson, of course, traveled to Europe at the end of 1918, in the wake of the First World War, intending to “make the world safe for democracy” while insisting that a universal League of Nations serve as the linch-pin for a new international order. Wilson intended the League to function as a pro-moter of collective security arrangements, by guaranteeing the territorial integrity and political independence of all member states. But Wilson also intended the League to function as the embodiment of a nascent liberal international order where war would be outlawed and self-determination would remain supreme. The other great powers were to be asked to abandon their imperialistic spheres of influence, their protection-ist tariff barriers, their secretive military alliances, and their swollen armories. Needless to say, in practice, such concessions were hard to extract. The actual outcome at the Paris Peace Conference, contrary to Wilson’s desire, was a series of compromises. To be sure, Wilson did succeed in winning the assent of the other vic-torious powers toward common membership in a new League of Nations. Wilson certainly hoped that future acts of territorial aggression could be prevented through such peaceful means as deterrence, arbitration, and the use of economic sanctions. But in the final analysis, he understood perfectly well that collective security would at times have to be enforced militarily, through the use of armed force on the part of member states. Indeed, Wilson said quite explicitly that the League was meant to function as “a single overwhelming, powerful group of nations who shall be the trus-tee of the peace of the world”. And the United States was to be the leading member of this group. Still, at the same time that Wilson laid out this extremely ambitious vision, he re-fused to dr...
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