Английский язык
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Содержание книги "Английский язык : устная речь : практикум"
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37movies, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger — historians may look back to this moment as its genesis.Hod Lipson and Jordan Pollack, computer scientists at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, acknowledge concerns about their work but argue “there are many, many further steps before this technology could become dangerous”.Earlier experiments have produced computers which could design virtual robots and put them through simulated tests, but the Brandeis scientists have gone a step further, connecting a robot-designing com-puter to a fully-automated machine which can rapidly build each design the software suggests.Commenting on the experiment in Nature, Rodney Brooks, an expert in artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: “This is a long awaited and necessary step towards the ultimate dream of self-evolving machines.”MutationsMr Lipson and Mr Pollack gave their computer the task of develop-ing a robot that would move along the ground as efficiently as possible. The programme responded by producing designs at random, assessing them, and then introducing small mutations to the design to discover if the changes improved the machine’s speed and efficiency — imitating the natural process of evolution. “Typically, several tens of generations passed before the first movement occurred,” they said. Once the computer had “evolved” a moving robot, it tested it in the real world by sending the design to a “rapid prototyping” machine which built it from a versatile plastic. The robots emerged from the machine fully-formed apart from the motors, which had to be snapped into place by the scientists. That was the only part played by humans in the process. The computer produced several types of robot which used different methods of motion — some moved sideways like crabs, others swung from side to side, another pulled itself along with two limbs. “Although both the machines and the task that we describe are fairly simple compared with the products of ...
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