Английский язык в правоведении
Учебное пособие предназначается для магистрантов и аспирантов юридических вузов, изучающих английский язык. Пособие состоит из девяти тематических блоков-модулей, отражающих различные направления специализации учащихся: «Разновидности права», «Государственное устройство и государственное управление», «Уголовное право», «Экологическое право», «Гражданский процесс», «Право предпринимательской деятельности», «Корпоративное право», «Трудовое право» и «Финансовое право». Каждый тематический блок состоит из 4 базовых текстов, составленных на основе аутентичного языкового материала о правовой действительности страны изучаемого языка.
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(i) A Regulation is entirely binding upon the Member States of the EU. It is directly applicable without the need for the national Parliament to enact the regulation through domestic legislation. Regulations are directly applicable, both against the state (known as being directly applicable) and against individuals and companies (known as being horizontally applicable). An example of a Regulation is the free movement of workers within the EU regulation. (ii) A Directive imposes a binding duty on Member States to implement the provisions contained within the Directive. A Directive is not however directly imposed. Instead, the Member State is responsible for determining the form and method by which to implement the provisions of the Directive into its domestic law. A Directive is said to have 'vertical effect' since it 'directs' a Member State to incorporate the Directive into its own law. (iii) Decisions are binding upon those to whom they are addressed and include decisions from: - the Commission, which represents the EU as a whole; - decisions of the ECJ, which adjudicates on disputes between Member States relating to alleged violations of treaties as well as makes rulings on the correct interpretation of EU legislation. (iv) Recommendations and opinions: they are issued by the Commission or the Council. Such recommendations and opinions are persuasive in nature and have no binding force. They can be used to clarify the meaning of legal provisions and often indicate how the law may develop in the future. General Principles of E C Law 6. The general principles of EC law arose from a variety of sources - constitutions of the Member States and the express provisions of, or the interpretations of, treaty articles - which then were developed by the ECJ to become the 'unwritten law' of the Community.
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